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      <h1 id="Java-基础-final全家桶"><a href="#Java-基础-final全家桶" class="headerlink" title="Java-基础-final全家桶"></a>Java-基础-final全家桶</h1><h2 id="1-final"><a href="#1-final" class="headerlink" title="1. final"></a>1. final</h2><ul>
<li>在java中，final可以用来修饰类，方法和变量（成员变量或局部变量）。下面将对其详细介绍。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-修饰类"><a href="#1-1-修饰类" class="headerlink" title="1.1 修饰类"></a>1.1 修饰类</h3><ul>
<li>当用final修饰类的时，表明该类不能被其他类所继承。当我们需要让一个类永远不被继承，此时就可以用final修饰，<strong>但要注意：</strong></li>
<li>final类中所有的成员方法都会隐式的定义为final方法。</li>
</ul>
<a id="more"></a>



<h3 id="1-2-修饰方法"><a href="#1-2-修饰方法" class="headerlink" title="1.2 修饰方法"></a>1.2 修饰方法</h3><ul>
<li>使用final方法的原因主要有两个：<ul>
<li>(1) 把方法锁定，以防止继承类对其进行更改。</li>
<li>(2) 效率，在早期的java版本中，会将final方法转为内嵌调用。但若方法过于庞大，可能在性能上不会有多大提升。因此在最近版本中，不需要final方法进行这些优化了。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>final方法意味着“最后的、最终的”含义，即此方法不能被重写。</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>若父类中final方法的访问权限为private，将导致子类中不能直接继承该方法，因此，此时可以在子类中定义相同方法名的函数，此时不会与重写final的矛盾，而是在子类中重新地定义了新方法。</strong></li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">A</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">final</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">B</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">A</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[]args)</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">"OK"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<ul>
<li>在java中，String被设计成final类，那为什么平时使用时，String的值可以被改变呢？<ul>
<li>字符串常量池是java堆内存中一个特殊的存储区域，当我们建立一个String对象时，假设常量池不存在该字符串，则创建一个，若存在则直接引用已经存在的字符串。</li>
<li>当我们对String对象值改变的时候，例如 String a=”A”; a=”B” 。a是String对象的一个引用（我们这里所说的String对象其实是指字符串常量）<ul>
<li>当a=“B”执行时，并不是原本String对象(“A”)发生改变，而是创建一个新的对象(“B”)，令a引用它。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-3-修饰变量"><a href="#1-3-修饰变量" class="headerlink" title="1.3 修饰变量"></a>1.3 修饰变量</h3><ul>
<li><p>final成员变量表示常量，只能被赋值一次，赋值后其值不再改变。类似于C++中的const。</p>
<ul>
<li>当final修饰一个<strong>基本数据类型</strong>时，表示该基本数据类型的值一旦在初始化后便不能发生变化；</li>
<li>如果final修饰一个<strong>引用类型时</strong>，则在对其初始化之后便不能再让其指向其他对象了，但该引用所指向的对象的内容是可以发生变化的。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>final修饰一个成员变量（属性），必须要显示初始化。**</strong>这里有两种初始化方式**，一种是在变量声明的时候初始化；第二种方法是在声明变量的时候不赋初值，但是要在这个变量所在的类的所有的构造函数中对这个变量赋初值。</p>
</li>
<li><p>当函数的参数类型声明为final时，说明该参数是只读型的。即你可以读取使用该参数，但是无法改变该参数的值。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-finally"><a href="#2-finally" class="headerlink" title="2. finally"></a>2. finally</h2><ul>
<li>finally作为异常处理的一部分，它只能用在try/catch语句中，并且附带一个语句块，表示这段语句最终一定会被执行（不管有没有抛出异常），经常被用在需要释放资源的情况下。（×）（这句话其实存在一定的问题）</li>
<li>很多人都认为finally语句块一定会执行，但真的是这样么？答案是否定的，例如下面这个例子：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://zhuuu-bucket.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/20200919/164140271.png" alt="mark"></p>
<p>当我们去掉注释的三行语句，执行结果为：</p>
<p><code>return 0</code></p>
<ul>
<li><p>为什么在以上两种情况下都没有执行finally语句呢，说明什么问题？</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>只有与<code>finally</code>对应的<code>try</code>语句块得到执行的情况下，<code>finally</code>语句块才会执行。以上两种情况在执行<code>try</code>语句块之前已经返回或抛出异常，所以try对应的<code>finally</code>语句并没有执行。</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>但是，在某些情况下，即使try语句执行了，finally语句也不一定执行。例如以下情况：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://zhuuu-bucket.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/20200919/164323776.png" alt="mark"></p>
<ul>
<li>finally 语句块还是没有执行，为什么呢？因为我们在 try 语句块中执行了 <code>System.exit (0)</code>语句，终止了 Java 虚拟机的运行。那有人说了，在一般的 Java 应用中基本上是不会调用这个 <code>System.exit(0)</code> 方法的。OK ！没有问题，我们不调用 <code>System.exit(0)</code>这个方法，那么<code>finally</code> 语句块就一定会执行吗？</li>
<li>再一次让大家失望了，答案还是否定的。当一个线程在执行 try 语句块或者 catch 语句块时被打断（<code>interrupted</code>）或者被终止（killed），与其相对应的 finally 语句块可能不会执行。</li>
<li>还有更极端的情况，就是在线程运行<code>try</code> 语句块或者 <code>catch</code> 语句块时，突然死机或者断电，<code>finally</code> 语句块肯定不会执行了。可能有人认为死机、断电这些理由有些强词夺理，没有关系，我们只是为了说明这个问题。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-1-一个易错点"><a href="#2-1-一个易错点" class="headerlink" title="2.1 一个易错点"></a>2.1 一个易错点</h3><ul>
<li>在try-catch-finally语句中执行return语句。我们看如下代码：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="http://zhuuu-bucket.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/20200919/164625386.png" alt="mark"></p>
<p><strong>答案：4,4,4 。  为什么呢？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>首先finally语句在改代码中一定会执行，从运行结果来看，每次return的结果都是4（即finally语句），仿佛其他return语句被屏蔽掉了。</li>
<li>事实也确实如此，因为finally用法特殊，所以会撤销之前的return语句，继续执行最后的finally块中的代码。 </li>
</ul>
<h2 id="3-finalize"><a href="#3-finalize" class="headerlink" title="3. finalize"></a>3. finalize</h2><ul>
<li><p><code>finalize()</code>是在<code>java.lang.Object</code>里定义的，也就是说每一个对象都有这么个方法。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>这个方法在gc启动，该对象被回收的时候被调用</strong>。其实gc可以回收大部分的对象（凡是new出来的对象，gc都能搞定，一般情况下我们又不会用new以外的方式去创建对象），所以一般是不需要程序员去实现finalize的。 </p>
</li>
<li><p>特殊情况下，需要程序员实现<code>finalize</code>，当对象被回收的时候释放一些资源，比如：一个<code>socket</code>链接，在对象初始化时创建，整个生命周期内有效，那么就需要实现finalize，关闭这个链接。 </p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>使用finalize还需要注意一个事，调用super.finalize();</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>一个对象的finalize()方法只会被调用一次，而且finalize()被调用不意味着gc会立即回收该对象，所以有可能调用finalize()后，该对象又不需要被回收了</li>
<li>然后到了真正要被回收的时候，因为前面调用过一次，所以不会调用finalize()，产生问题。</li>
<li>所以，推荐不要使用finalize()方法，它跟析构函数不一样.</li>
</ul>

      
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